Jackie Robinson Essays - Jackie Robinson, Branch Rickey,

Jackie Robinson Breaking the Color Barrier Jackie Robinson was an American competitor, business official, and social liberties pioneer. Conceived in Cairo, Georgia, to a group of tenant farmers, Jack Roosevelt Robinson went to Pasadena Junior College in California and the University of California at Los Angeles. At UCLA he showed uncommon athletic capacity and turned into the first UCLA understudy competitor to win varsity letters in four games; football, b-ball, baseball, and track. In 1941 Robinson left school to join the United States Army. In the wake of moving on from Officers Candidate School, Robinson turned into a second lieutenant in what was then an isolated armed force. Disturbed by the abuse of dark officers in his unit, Robinson fought the U.S. Armed force's unfair practices. Military police at Fort Hood, Texas, captured Robinson when he denied the driver's structure to move to the rear of a transport. A court-military vindicated Robinson and he got a noteworthy release in 1944 with the position of first lieutenant. Robinson started his expert baseball profession in 1945 with the Kansas City Monarchs, one of the main groups of the Negro Leagues. Soon thereafter, Robinson marked with Branch Rickey, the head supervisor of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Robinson spent the 1946 season playing for the Montreal Royals of the International League, a small time associate of the Dodgers. After one season with the Royals, Robinson was called up to the Brooklyn group in 1947, turning into the primary dark to play significant class baseball in the twentieth

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Assigment - Assignment Example (Sahih Muslim) Cleverness is an extraordinary method to diffuse an awful circumstance, or facilitate an awkward one however it must be use fittingly. Similarly as a blade is indispensable and fundamental in planning food yet it can likewise make one drain. In like manner, some diversion has mockery and anger meagerly covered up in it. Islam is a religion that advances commitment in this life while keeping the great beyond in notice. In like manner, Islam allows a Muslim to engage himself with the goal that they could unwind through reasonable exercises and sports. In any case, the quest for such unwinding and the joy ought not remove one or disregard his strict and other compulsory obligations. One must not joke in an improper way. Up to ones follow the given parameters, humor and kidding gets passable in Islam. To get the specific thought of passability one should take a gander at the expression of Quran and method of Prophet. Verily the best word is the expression of Holy Quran and the most ideal way is the method of Prophet. Plainly amusingness or jokes are passable yet one ought to comprehend the individuals and the circumstance before breaking jokes or playing tricks. For example, we gain from the method of Prophet, who never use to goof off with every one of his associates. Additionally, it is significant that one apologize if his joke has affronted somebody. Silliness without a doubt is an amazing method to diffuse concern, anxiety or terrible conditions however even at such circumstances one must mind that his words don't hurt someone’s

Improving Your Essay Writing Skills

Improving Your Essay Writing SkillsProper essay writing requires plenty of skill. If you want to win the essay writing contests, it is important that you know how to put together a good looking piece. You should be able to construct an interesting thesis that is written in a clear manner.The first step towards mastering your own specific style of essay writing is to understand the format of the different writing genres. Writing a dissertation usually requires a thesis statement. This is a statement that gives an overview of the entire article. In most cases, the thesis statement will consist of a number of sections.The introduction is the first section of the body of the article. It is also known as the 'brief summary' of the topic. The introduction is meant to introduce the topic and give it some context. This is often referred to as the meat of the paper.The body of the article will then follow. The body is a list of five to ten main points. It is important that you write a good pa ragraph about each point.The conclusion is the last part of the essay. It is usually referred to as the 'highlight'. This is the last paragraph of the paper. The conclusion is normally used to give a general summary of the topic and is also a strong call to action.It is not advisable to use the best possible example from your field, because the essay is supposed to express someone's opinion. It is not important that the conclusion and introduction match perfectly. It is more important that the essay is properly written. Make sure to follow the rules of grammar.As you proceed with your research, you will find that there are various areas of study that are applicable in your area of expertise. You can build on this information and use it to build an essay that is unique to your field. An essay that is focused on one particular topic will normally have certain biases and assumptions. By exploring all the possible angles and researching the data, you can have a well-written and informat ive essay.Some of the ways you can improve your writing is to develop an outline of your entire project. It will keep you focused and help you identify weak points and areas for improvement. While researching on the Internet, you will find some excellent tools that can help you improve your essay writing. Reading articles written by professional writers can help you understand how they present their thoughts and work on your part.

Can Domestic Violence Abusers Be Rehabilitated - 3076 Words

Brushing your teeth Tying your shoes Folding a shirt Solving a math problem mentally The tasks listed above take ten seconds or less and they have something in common with domestic violence. According to Domestic Violence Statistics, every nine seconds in the US there is a woman being assaulted or beaten. While a person is folding a shirt there is a woman being assaulted or beaten but that is not the main point in this paper. The main point of this paper is to ask if domestic violence abusers can be rehabilitated or is a question that has an automatic answer to it. Can a person be rehabilitated off of something that it takes them nine seconds to do? When some people are asked this question they automatically say the answer is not†¦show more content†¦Dr. Kathleen Young also talks about how domestic violence tends to follow this predictable cycle and one part of the cycle is called the honeymoon period. The honeymoon period is described as this period where the abusive partner tries to seduce or woo their victim into continui ng the relationship and Dr. Kathleen also explains that abuser can even act as if abuse did not place. Dr. Kathleen Young states that with her 20 plus years of experience that she believes that people can change but when it comes to deeply engrained patterns like domestic violence, time is required and it requires professional help. The Stop Relationship Abuse Organization states that batters will not change until they recognize that they have a problem and change is something that will never happen as long as they continue to blame the victim. The victim of domestic violence is not the blame for their abuser putting their hands on them or abusing them. The Stop Relationship Abuse Organization also states participation in a batter’s program does not guarantee that a batter will not be violent again. Domestic violence is a learned behavior and can be unlearned if abusers take responsibility and accountability for the violence committed. People who abuse have learned this beh avior and itShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Society1491 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a very important discussion subject, because it touches all levels of society, and it is widely spreading across a multitude of social groups. This social issue at present appears in different levels of society, and cannot be ignored by social institutions and people. The issue of domestic violence cannot be avoided because of the unfortunately high rate of abusive behavior, and more and more people being affected by abuse every day. People and social institutions cannot closeRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Animal Abuse939 Words   |  4 Pagesbackseat to human abuse but it can often be the first signs of an abusive personality and of possible physical and emotional abuse of a person. Abusing animals is can be the first sign of a potential serial killer. Organizations both big, such as PETA and the Humane Society, and small, such as The Pegasus Project, work to r escue, rehabilitate, and ideally rehome abused and neglected animals. Many domestic violence reports state that the abuse started with the abuser harming the victim’s pet beforeRead MoreLessening the Occurrence of Domestic Violence2040 Words   |  8 PagesFor centuries there has been the desire to cease domestic violence and all the horror it brings, but for centuries, no one has been capable of conceiving the perfect solution to end this madness, or have they? Did you know that women are more likely to be battered, molested, or even killed by a current or past male partner than by anyone else? A lot of people have come to realize this and in an attempt to fight intimate partner violence in the past two decades, many states have started and stillRead MorePrison for Minors 1372 Words   |  6 PagesJune 2012 that mandatory life sentences without parole for juveniles is unconstitutional. To sentence a minor to life in prison is unjust because people under the age of eighteen do not fully comprehend the consequences of their actions, exposure to violence as a child influences their actions, and they are not legal adults and should not be held liable for adult consequences. The teenage brain is like a car with a good accelerator but a weak brake. With powerful impulses under poor control, the likelyRead MoreSex Crimes: Can Sex Offenders Be Rehabilitated?3878 Words   |  16 Pages Sex Crimes - Can Sex Offenders be rehabilitated? Table of Contents Introduction to Sex Crimes 3 Literature Review 5 Origin of the Behavior of Sex Offenders 6 Can Sex Offenders be rehabilitated? 8 Controversial Arguments 11 Conclusion 14 References 16 Introduction to Sex Crimes Since the world has penetrated into the epoch of twenty first century, it has experienced gargantuan changes in almost every sphere of life whether it is social, economic, political, technological, environmentalRead MoreThe Death Penalty and Juveniles2945 Words   |  12 Pagessentenced to death. Proposal The intent of this report is to collect the available data and information on the death penalty for juvenile offenders. This is not to argue about the pros and cons of the death penalty and juveniles, but to give data it can inform the controversial argument to focus on the Death Penalty and Juveniles. This is important to the general area under study because it will give a clearer view on the opinions of each person on the death penalty and juveniles. The intent is toRead MoreThe Long Term Effects on Children Who Are Exposed to Domestic Violence7097 Words   |  28 Pagesï » ¿The Long Term Effects on Children Who Are Exposed To Domestic Violence Introduction: The formative experiences that define a childs home life will have a lasting impact on the individual as he or she enters the later stages of childhood, adolescence and adulthood. The degree to which ones family life is loving, nurturing, supportive and attentive is a substantial determinant in emotional, social and intellectual development. Accordingly, a home which is abusive, violent, negative and neglectfulRead MoreFamily Violence Essay6096 Words   |  25 PagesFamily violence is not a new phenomenon, as it has essentially existed since the beginning of time. Only in modern times, however have societies begun to recognize violence and family members as a social problem (Barnett, Miller-Perrin Perrin, 2005). For many years, the social problem of family violence had not only been heavily ignored, but for a number of years, had not been fully understood. For example, family violence takes many forms and has a number of different names. Family violence, alsoRead MoreEssay on Helte r Skelter Book Report3965 Words   |  16 Pagescertainly, but as a monster he offers us a unique look into the human mind. This semester we have learned about the many different types of people who may engage in individual forms of interpersonal violence. Charles Manson however, provides us the case study of a man whose life revolved around interpersonal violence in all its manifestations. There was nothing this man wouldn’t do to reach his goals – he would rape, murder, manipulate, and lie - all in the name of his personal ambitions. In Vincent Bugliosi’sRead MoreJuvenile Justice in Nepal4049 Words   |  17 Pagesits responsibilities towards the protection of the rights of the child. Nepal has almost ratified most of the major international human rights instruments including convention on the rights of the child (CRC) 1989. Enactment of children’s act, 1992 can be conceived as an initiative of the government towards framing legal standards for children as a separate mechanism. Similarly, court rules also deals with some issues relating to children. Recently enacted juvenile justice (procedure) rules, 2007

Analysis Of The Poem August Sky - 1244 Words

October Sky Summary Introduction: October Sky is the journey of a boy into a man, a boy who becomes amazed and obsessed with rockets, and the story of success even in the face of adversary and reaching one’s dreams. Homer Hickam is a teenage boy in the forties who wants to be a football star and lives in Coalwood Virginia. Most of the workers in Coalwood work for the local mining company His father is a coal miner, and his older brother, Jim, is a skilled player and hopes that Homer will follow in his footsteps. Homer is not good enough to make the football team, let alone earn a scholarship. His father tells him that he should just work in the mine, but Homer doesn’t want to since most of the mine workers get sick or hurt, and never make much of themselves. October 4, 1941, news of Sputnik’s launch has some people worried, but after seeing the satellite one night, he becomes enthralled by the idea of launching his own rockets. Sputnik flies 559 miles high and orbits at a speed of 18,000 mph, going around the Earth once every 96 minutes. In order to achieve this new interest, he drafts the help of Quentin Wilson, a known nerd and asks Quentin to help him in his quest to launch rockets. After a moment of thought, he decided Homer was serious and agrees to help him. Homer and his friends, Roy Lee Cooke, Jimmy Carroll, and Sherman O’Dell, along with Quentin, who becomes their friend, start building rockets. Their first rocket blow’s up Homer’s mother’s fence. Quentin is inShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis of the Poem Novel by Arthur Rimbaud1151 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ An Analysis of Novel, a Poem by Arthur Rimbaud Arthur Rimbaud, a French poet, wrote the poem Novel in 1870, just prior to his sixteenth birthday. The poem is divided in four parts with eight stanzas (two stanzas each part). Each stanza contains four lines. The poem appears to be a reflection on the wonders of youth, when the world is all new. The title may be interpreted as a reference to life as a novel experience. The poem looks with innocent eyes at youthful affection, and youthful commitmentRead MoreEssay about WWI Sources1632 Words   |  7 Pagesallow individuals to better understand the facts, feeling and context of the home front and battlefield of World War One. Autobiographies, diaries, letters, official records, photographs and poems are examples of primary sources from World War One. The two primary sources analyzed in this essay are the poems, â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† by Wilfred Owen and â€Å"In Flanders Fields† by John McCrae. Primary sources are often personal, written from the limited perspective of a single individual. It is veryRead MoreThe, Not All A Dream2326 Words   |  10 PagesThe speaker begins his poem as a dream but not all a dream (line 1), immediately casting doubt upon the story to follow. The poet then imagines the end of the world through a series of natural, social, and possibly supernatural events. The sad/dark, cold earth reduces/lessens for weeks or months, long enough for men to forget their strong emotions (line 7) and turn their hearts only to survival or feelings that there is no hope. To stop/hold back the darkness, they burn everything they canRead MoreEssay on A Comparison of World War I Poetry2088 Words   |  9 Pagesrenowned poets; Wilfred Owen (1893-1918) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967). We tend to focus on the definition of War Poetry as poems that concentrated on the subject of war, which are written during a war that seems to have a noticeable influence on the poet . The crucial focus here is one war in particular: namely the First World War, which fought over the period August 1914 till November 1918. It appears as a conflict with aims that were quickly lost, sinking to a war of attrition in unbelievableRead MoreFew Miles Above Tintern Abbey Essay2283 Words   |  10 PagesMan and the Natural World This is one of the most important ideas of Tintern Abbey. The speaker of this poem has discovered, in his maturity, that his appreciation of natural beauty has allowed him to recognize a divine power in nature. Wordsworth comes up with this idea in Tintern Abbey, and then really explores and develops it. Nature means several things in the context of this poem: it can mean 1) physical nature, or 2) it can mean the sense of unity or connection between everything, or 3)Read MoreHow Sylvia Plaths Life is Reflected in the Poems Daddy, Morning Song, and Lady Lazarus2237 Words   |  9 PagesHow Sylvia Plaths Life is Reflected in the Poems Daddy, Morning Song, and Lady Lazarus Sylvia Plath has had an exciting life, if I can use this word. Her father died from an undiagnosed diabetes when she was eight. At the same time, a short couplet that she wrote was published in the Boston Sunday Herald. Later, she won scholarships to study in Smith, Harvard, and finally Cambridge. There, Plath married Ted Hughes, who was a good poet, too. What amazes me in her lifeRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesquick overview of poetry analysis. Please note that this handout discusses the basics of poetry; there is much more to know about it than there is room to discuss here. Laurence Perrine s book LITERATURE: STRUCTURE, SOUND, AND SENSE can provide more detailed information about poetry analysis. Until you can get a copy of the book, I hope this page helps you begin your poetry analysis work. What is poetry ? Poetry goes beyond the rhyming of words. The object of writing a poem is usually to make aRead MorePoems: City Planners15330 Words   |  62 PagesThe Poems analysed are: The City Planners, Margaret Atwood and The Planners, Boey Kim Cheng. These are taken from the IGCSE Cambridge Poetry Anthology, but may be interesting for unseen poetry too. Question Set How do these poets use language and structure to get across their theme? I wrote this in about half an hour. Both poems are very similar, and have the same topic - City Planning - as shown in their titles. Structurally, they are different though, and the tone differs in places. IveRead More The Formal Analysis of Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix2426 Words   |  10 PagesThe Formal Analysis of Liberty Leading the People by Eugene Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix was born on April 26, 1798. Delacroix was the son of Charles Delacroix and Victoire Oeben. His father served for a short period of time as a minister of foreign affairs. At the time of Delacroix’s birth his father was on a mission to Holland as ambassador of the French Republic. Delacroix’s mother was a descended of artisans and craftsmen. His parents both died early. His father died inRead MoreFlowers For Te An Invaluable Technique2697 Words   |  11 Pages intends to interconnect heaven, man, and earth. The ideal of ikebana and chabana is to unite man by being the bridge between heaven and earth. Shin, or formal arrangement, represents the heavenly realm which stretches upward towards the sky and is visually attributed to a drawn bow. The natural form of the plant is also taken into consideration; a chajin will feel, bend, and check the plants elasticity to ensure that it will display its full beauty to the while it’s in the container.

Analysis of “The Metamorphosis” Free Essays

According to Sokel, he refers to this as an intrinsic drive that comes from someone. One must work hard and be determined on everything that he anticipates to realize. He should not entirely depend on the external forces or commands from external sources to make him go through. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of â€Å"The Metamorphosis† or any similar topic only for you Order Now He highlights the Marxist idea that someone only appears to be a true human being who can be recognized in the society when he can be positively rewarded by the works of his hands. Whenever he is imposed by the economic necessity, the work cannot actually make him became alienated because he would be engaged with other people, which is already an agent of socialization. He does not become himself as an individual; rather, he is alienated from his humankind. In this short analysis, the metamorphosis, the protagonist might become a wrong person. When Gregor works as a salesperson, he has a lot in his mind. Things might not be adding up according to him because he has to travel long distances to get customer, he has to pay his bills; he also has to take good care of this family. All these burden mounted on him does not make him happy. For this reason, he has to remain alone and except himself from the company of many. The paper will look into this issue through citation of Kafka`s depiction on the way in which the protagonist react to the idea leading his family into the misfortune. He eventually suffer the guilt of conscience which by all means dismisses Marx`s assertion that loss of humanity can also come from external sources like work mates and family members. International Journal of Arts and Sciences CD-ROM ISSN: 1944-6934 2017 Volume 09, Number 04From the journal, Palvos states that dangling among the vicissitudes in the world without harmony accomplishes a great blow to one`s moral identity. In life, every turn a fatality that has nothing to do with an incorrigible personal law and ethical countenance. If this happens, ones hope and determinations are all shuttered and his life remains without a meaning. Gregor`s self alienation and humiliation is suggestive of the modern dilemma of human beings in the technological period of machines who brute facts and information systems. This analysis points through and through to the reality of material existence and the possibilities of its fall, consequently moves toward the complete subversion of an ethical universe. From a responsible man who could take good care of his family to someone who is mentally tortured and only feels comfortable when he isolates himself from other people. Gregor’s metamorphosis from a civilized man into a horrific and monstrous vermin, an instinctual underworld character with an almost automatic nature, and finally to a simple bit of matter, turns him into an antagonist who upsets all the instincts of life. Indeed, Kafka’s criminal world vermin gives rise to a deep and stifled impulse in modernity, to the gradual spiritual death of the human, a metamorphosis par excellence of the human substantiate that overrides all instinctual and hermeneutical bound. When the mental capability of human being fails to reason, he is recognized as a worthless being that is at par reasoning with all animals. Henceforth, the humiliated modern human -uprooted beyond bound. When one is stripped of all ethical purposefulness, he no longer possesses the moral entity given to thinking and questioning. He is called to de facto accept and obey the mastermind of pretence techno capital reality, and, the geophysical enterprise of its dully respect.Miyamoto, Kaori. â€Å"Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation.†University of Massachusetts Amherst, February 2014, pp. 1-47. Positive factors of freedom sometimes blind many people. Myamoto emphasized on this statement by saying that most of the rich and modernized societies today have a lot of freedom and they enjoy it extremely without sensing the side effects associated with the freedom. The societies have failed in looking at the two sides of the coin. He goes by saying that alienation is a side effect associated with the freedom which most of us have failed to look into with a lot of concern. He support his claim by citing Enrich Fromm`s concept of alienation. He says that the relation of human being is very pivotal especially to those who are alienated. Those alienated should be put close to other people. Being alone to people is not enough, but it should be in all dimensions, through feelings, thoughts and even actions. This source identifies alienation as one of the side effect of identification of human being. Kafka`s protagonist, Gregor is very potential and cooperative in providing to the family. He shows all the ability of taking care of his parents. However, at some points, he alienates himself from the family, an aspect of perpetuated by the ended gratitude and concordat he previously got from them. Because of the isolation, he cannot be identified as someone who is financially stable and can take good care of the family.Nicolae, Cristina. â€Å"Franz Kafka’s metamorphotic prison: the door and the window.† Studia Universitatis Petru Maior, Philologia 18, 2015, p. 143- According to Nicolae, he makes his argument to the modern family where one appears to be insignificant or cannot realize his life dreams. He argues that the fact that Gregory stays benevolent makes him appear someone who is finally alienated and spends most of his time alone even without the family knowing his whereabouts. Gregor is portrayed as one who cannot be recognized in the society and he struggles with his loneliness at work place where he decided to seek new identity. At one point, the protagonist identifies himself with a creature which does not make him associate in the light; he rather has to hide himself in the darkness. Actually, being rejected makes one loose his value and becomes worthless before other people. In this regard, this source proves resourceful in identifying the change in Gregor which is from metal to physical level because of the challenge he gets while dealing with his family. From the outlook, Gregor does no change his moral standing irrespective of all the humiliations that he comes across. According to this source, morality is a factor in Gregor`s alienation after being neglected by the family. The social strength which is acquired by the family proves a lot of dehumanization as they draw the attention they originally had for Gregor. Yaron, Idan and Herzog, Omri (2013). â€Å"Kafka’s ruins in popular culture: A story of Metamorphosis.† Journal of Popular Culture 46:5, 1092-106.According to Yaron, maintaining culture in the society is very important. Culture helps in preserving the codes of conduct that governs good stay in the community. One who alienates himself from the culture has no positive contribution to the society. According to him, Gregor commits no crime towards anyone only that he was not true to himself and there was nothing that amazing that could make him alienate himself the other people. The split that he experiences in his personality, his deepest struggle and abandoning the culture includes everything taking place within him. However, most people who do not experience such things do not know about it. They can either choose to ignore or deny it. Gregor out rightly bears no illusion about the metaphysical chasm that encircles him and the isolation it brings from those around him who are his equals but do not know it. This gulf is not alienation from his family and the hypocrisy of his relations to them both prior and after the metamorphosis, but is the isolation where a disillusioned man who awakens to a radical awareness of his own mortality suffers the awful experience of separation from others. The separation is actually against the culture. The culture does not allow one ton separate from others irrespective of the situation, however, this takes place because of what he feels in his innermost heart. His corporeity points to his mortality which makes the inhuman world his master. Gregor’s inhuman world is as incomprehensible to human reason and sensibility as is death; it is far more human and humane than the reality of the people surrounding him who have denied their own mortality. Modernity and the existential metaphysics of life and death in kafka’s metamorphosis pavlos e. michaelides (2017) university of nicosia, CyprusFollowing the customs of our world, and according to the laws of habit and self-complacency, it would be beyond the bounds of scientific innovation for us to wake one morning and find ourselves transformed into colossal insects. Grego`s metamorphosis touches a deep, unappreciated, and anguishing reality in life. This is nourished by sources which are deeper than those of cogent reflection and scientific knowledge. Our personal existence can sometime lead us to horrifying and most anguishing discovery. This points out that the transitory nature of our lives and places can absolutely have great demand on our moral nature to reconcile with its true temporal dimensions. In this plinth, Gregor is doomed from the beginning. His far-reaching transformation into vermin is just physical and irrevocably. Later, it fully becomes impossible for him to reconcile the radical discontinuity between his newly discovered physical structure and his prior human self. The sudden awakening to the devastating discovery of his metamorphosis even brings backfire of his daily expectations with a terrifying inability not to achieve them again. His former self remains qualitatively unchangeable, indeed throughout the story is mostly baffled helplessly trying to adjust to radical change. Despite the tremendous effort that he puts, he ultimately finds it impossible to cope or bridge the gap between an unbridgeable void, which makes his insect like physical structure and the retaining of meaningful human identity. How to cite Analysis of â€Å"The Metamorphosis†, Papers

Midterm Quiz Essay Example

Midterm Quiz Essay This midterm exam consist of 32 multiple choice questions and covers the material In Chapters 1 through 8. There are four questions from each chapter. 1). The flat-screen plasma TVs are selling extremely well. The originators of this technology are earning higher profits. What theory of profit best reflects the performance of the plasma screen makers? 2). To reduce Agency Problems, executive compensation should be designed to: 3). Economic profit Is defined as the deference between revenue and . ). Which of the following will Increase (VII the shareholder wealth minimization model of the firm: 5). A change In the level of an economic actively Is desirable and should be undertaken as long as the marginal benefits exceed the 6). The closest example of a risk-free security is 7). The primary difference(s) between the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation as measures of risk are: 8). The is the ratio of to the 9). If demand were inelastic, then we should Immediately: 10). P roducers goods are: 11). Marginal revenue (MR.) is hen total revenue is maximized. 12). Suppose we estimate that the demand elasticity for fine leather jackets is -. 7 at their current prices. Then we know that: 13). The method which can give some information in estimating demand of a product that hasnt yet come to market is: 14). The standard deviation of the error terms in an estimated regression equation is known as: 15). All of the following are reasons why an association relationship may not Imply a causal relationship except: 16). Demand functions In the multiplicative form are most moon for all of the following reasons except: 17). The variation in an economic time-series which is caused by major expansions or contractions usually of greater than a year in duration is known as: 18). The forecasting technique which attempts to forecast short-run changes and makes use of economic indicators known as leading, coincident or lagging indicators Is known as: 19). The type of economic Indicator that can best be used for business forecasting Is the: 20). An example of a time series data set Is one for which the: 21). We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Quiz specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Quiz specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The optimal currency area Involves a trade-off of reducing transaction costs but the inability to use changes in exchange rates to help ailing regions. If the US, Canada, and Mexico had one single currency (the Peso- Dollar) we would tend to see all of the following EXCEPT: 22). Trading partners should specialize in producing goods In accordance with comparative advantage, then trade and diversify In consumption because 23). In an open economy with few capital restrictions and substantial Import-export trade, a rise In Interest rates and a decline n the producer price index of inflation will 24). Sing demand and supply curves for the Japanese yen based on the $/V price for yen, an increase in US INFLATION RATES would 25). The following is a Cob-Douglas production function: Q = 1. KOOK. LO. 5. What is correct here? 26). Which of the following is never negative? 27). If the marginal product of labor is 100 and the price of labor Is 10, while the marginal product of capital Is 200 and t he price of capital Is $30, then what should relative to the fixed input is being used to produce the desired output. This statement is true for: 29). What method of inventory valuation should be used for economic decision-making problems? 30). Are defined as costs which are incurred regardless of the alternative action chosen in a decision-making problem. 31). If ETC = 321 + Q Q, then average total cost at Q = 10 is: 32).

Essay on American Dream

Essay on American Dream The American dream is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position The American Dream: Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness What exactly is this â€Å"American Dream† that seems to stand the test of time? It sounds like a myth, a cheap ploy to trick foreigners into flocking to America in search of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.† But many today say it still exists, that it’s a real thing as tangible as the $100 bill – because it is. SAMPLE ESSAY ABOUT HAPPINESS Writer James Truslow Adam, in his book The Epic of America, written in 1931, said: The American Dream is one â€Å"of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position†.   Adam’s description of the American Dream provides insights as to why so many foreigners have immigrated to the United States since the beginning of the country’s history, from the time of English, Spanish, and French colonization to the America of today in the 21st century. They came searching for a better life, and many found it – but not without hard work, the execution of good ideas, and luck. Take a look at people like actor-comedian Jim Carrey, a Canadian by birth. He grew up in a poor, struggling family. For a time the family was homeless, forcing Carrey to drop out of high school at a young age to help support the family. Years later when as an adult he began making a name for himself on the comedy circuit, Carrey then moved to the United States where we would go on standup comedy tours, finally becoming a multi-millionaire through starring in blockbuster films like Liar Liar and Bruce Almighty. It is well documented that Carrey – an adamant believer in the Law of Attraction – would ride his car along the Hollywood Hills imagining he lived there, that he was to be among the rich and famous celebrities. At one time he even wrote a check to himself, when he was a young struggling actor, for $10 million. And sure enough, in 1994, at the age of 32, he was paid $10 million for his work on the hit film Dumb Dumber. Does Carrey exemplify the American Dream? Absolutely! He was a foreigner who came from nothing, then sought a better life for himself in America – and he found it, but not without a lot of discipline, talent, diligence, a hope that borders on stupidity, luck, and a positive, focused mentality. He epitomizes the American Dream. The American Dream goes back, way back to the Declaration of Independence that held certain â€Å"truths to be self-evident: that all Men are created equal †¦ endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights such as Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. ESSAY ON YOLO OR CARPE DIEM The mere foundation of this great – though often troubled – country is built upon the quest for a better life. Of course, people can find wealth and happiness in other countries, but many people all around the world associate America with opportunity, freedom, and success. Unfortunately, the American Dream can also be seen as one pursuing material prosperity: big, fancy cars, gigantic mansions, and designer clothes, while others see it as not so much on the financial increase, but a good, healthy fulfilling life. When pursuing the American Dream, whatever that means, people need to first be honest with themselves about what they think the â€Å"American Dream† means to them. That’s the beauty of living in America: people can find a better life in whatever ways they imagine it to be.

The Tempest Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness

'The Tempest' Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness This analysis reveals that Shakespeare’s presentation of morality and fairness in the play is highly ambiguous and it is not clear where the audience’s sympathies should lay. The Tempest Analysis: Prospero Although Prospero has been treated badly at the hands of the Milan nobility, Shakespeare has made him a difficult character to sympathize with. For example: Prospero’s title in Milan was usurped, yet he did much the same thing to Caliban and Ariel by enslaving them and taking control of their island.Alonso and Antonio cruelly cast Prospero and Miranda out to sea, yet Prospero’s revenge is equally as cruel: he creates a horrific storm which destroys the boat and throws his noble counterparts into the sea. Prospero and Caliban In the story of The Tempest, Prospero’s enslavement and punishment of Caliban is difficult to reconcile with fairness and the extent of Prospero’s control is morally questionable. Caliban had once loved Prospero and showed him everything there was to know about the island, but Prospero’s considers his education of Caliban as more valuable. However, our sympathies firmly lay with Prospero when we learn that Caliban had tried to violate Miranda. Even when he forgives Caliban at the end of the play, he promises to â€Å"take responsibility† for him and continue to be his master. Prospero’s Forgiveness Prospero uses his magic as a form of power and control and gets his own way in every situation. Even though he does ultimately forgive his brother and the king, this could be considered to be a way to reinstate his Dukedom and ensure the marriage of his daughter to Ferdinand, soon to become King. Prospero has secured his safe passage back to Milan, the reinstatement of his title and a powerful connection to royalty through the marriage of his daughter – and managed to present it as an act of forgiveness! Although superficially encouraging us to sympathize with Prospero, Shakespeare questions the idea of fairness in The Tempest. The morality behind Prospero’s actions is highly subjective, despite the happy ending which is conventionally employed to â€Å"right the wrongs† of the play.

Business ethic aboute Nike Companey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business ethic aboute Nike Companey - Essay Example Loveleena Rajeev (2009) supposed that â€Å"the lack of business ethics in the market, is the reason the world economy is presently in crisis†. Ethics, in its simplest definition is the perception of right and wrong. Our urbane and civilized world is anchored in ethical values, where without it, the society will be in chaos and disarray (Smith & Smith, 2009). It follows that business ethics â€Å"are moral values and principles, that determine our conduct in the business world† which refer to all aspects and phases in commerce (Rajeev, 2009). In a sense, it should not have been a contentious matter as the conduct of business is simply about delivering and/or exchanging advantages with the firm making profits from it, however, the emergence of â€Å"greed has led the present business scenario towards unethical business practices, legal complications and general mistrust (Rajeev, 2009)† The need for ethical behaviour especially in business leapt from this mire of distrust. Thus the framework of ethical business practices outlines â€Å"a code of conduct that facilitates, if not encourages, public confidence in their products and services (Smith & Smith, 2009). This structure provides guiding principles in getting through ethical dilemma posed in the conduct of business to encourage fair practices and unbiased results, always putting the best interest of the concerned sectors in mind. One such company which found itself in the middle of an ethical scandal is one of the world’s largest shoe manufacturers, Nike, Inc. The controversy was nicknamed Nike’s sweatshop as it pertained to the offshore production houses of the company which was alleged to have poor labour practices and exploitation of manpower. Nike was born from the coming together of Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman which in its early stages imported sports shoes from Japan. In two decades, this shoe manufacturer was able to conquer about half of the world market after it

Ethical Dilemmas in Organizational Communication Essay

Ethical Dilemmas in Organizational Communication - Essay Example However, the ethical dilemmas profoundly and dramatically affect the brand image of the enterprises and corporations due to increased awareness concerning these social issues amongst the general population of the world (Garber, 2008). An individual may encounter the ethical dilemmas in personal lives as well as in the professional or the business world. As an example about the ethical dilemma, I am a newly appointed personal director in a large beverage distributor and screening of all the applications for promotions to management positions come under my job responsibilities and tasks. According to the standard process and policies of the organization, top three contenders, or the applicants comes under the selection for additional interviews with the management after completing the screening process (Zastrow &Â  Kirst-Ashman, 2009). ... The finest option that I would go for is accosting the president about the discriminatory stance. As being a firm believer and supporter of the concept of EEO that is Equal Employee Opportunity, I would make my best effort to convince and persuade the president for the selected female candidates that they are the best matches with the skills and capabilities in accordance to the provided job specifications. Moreover, the president should not have the bias and prejudice feature while considering the applicants and their proficiency and talent should be the emphasis and the highlighting point while interviewing or selecting. While looking at the other side of the continuum, to resolve this ethical dilemma, I should reopen the position with an anticipation to catch the attention of further qualified candidates as an alternative preference that would come under implementation. Since I am an employee whose principal duty and responsibility is to screen, shortlist and recruit the applicant s according to the exact and accurate specifications provided by either the departments or the top executives, which is the foremost and key cause to go for this option. Therefore, by reopening the position, I would look for the best candidates according to the precise requirements as provided. In another example situation of ethical dilemma, I have overheard a dialogue exchange that was under discussion between my manager and the manager of another department in which my best friend came under hiring and worked. The matter of subject was my friend in the conversation that they were having. The conversation made it noticeably obvious that manager of the other department was not satisfied and happy with the work of my friend. In addition, the manager did

Ecological Change With the Arrival of Europeans in the New World :: American America History

Ecological Change With the Arrival of Europeans in the New World Imagine yourself coming from an overpopulated, intensely manicured development (typical of many Americans) to an Island of immense vegetation and overgrowth. Your job is to develop a productive colony using these unknown plants. Your only guides are the natives of the land - if they are gentle and willing to help. Now forget all you know about ecology and the importance of cultures and think about what you would probably do. What if you had one more chance to go to your native land and bring back with you a few simple things to make your life easier? What would you bring? Most would probably react the same way the Europeans did, bringing seeds and machinery for cultivation with them. The Europeans may have even gone further than needed in their search for a productive product. Europeans were fearful and distrustful of the wild, natural areas. For example, many Europeans considered mountains to be hideous. This was said of the Alps, and many mountainous areas of Europe (Sale 77). They had this agenda to control whatever they could. If the land looked wild it needed tamed to their ideas, even if this made the ecosystem unstable or less productive. The results of their need for control and their lack of knowledge on ecosystems resulted in a reflux of new plants being imported. The most influential plants were the forage or grazing crops. These were brought because the Europeans wanted their own familiar crops to be in the grazing yards. These plants included white clover and "Kentucky" bluegrass. Ironically the Kentucky bluegrass was named so because it preceded west at a faster rate than the colonists, so when they arrived in Kentucky they found it in abundance and named it so. These plants were introduced at least as early as 1685, when William Penn was noted for trying some in his courtyard (2 Crosby 157). These plants spread with the equivalences of weeds. Imported, overgrazing European animals helped in the quick dispersal of these plants. The effect of these new grasses is hard to determine. Many of the indigenous grasses all but disappeared, except for small-untouched areas. The introduced animals helped to pave the way for many of these new plants (2 Crosby, 157). The animals first overgrazed the native plants, which were not adapted for heavy grazing, and then continued overgrazing created a new niche or specialization.

Advantages and disadvantages of fast food

Fast food is the term linking to the food is prepared and served quickly. It is a fact that there Is a rapid rise In the number of Mc Donal , KFC , Bugger King†¦. restaurants over the world as a obllvlous evidence for the hot trend of ready-food In fast-paced and sedentary life. However, like everything, it has its own pros and cons. The most demonstrable advantage of fast food is saving time. In today' modern life , people feel comfortable and convernient when they order a pizza or bugger after a hard and late work instead of spending a lot of time to cook the meal .Moreover, some fast food companies also establish a quick widow in their restaurant to help drivers buy and take away this food easier. To some extend, cost also consider a benefit of fast food . In reality, a single one can pay a small amount of money for a meal with fries or bread and soda while a whole family has a bigger expense. Furthermore, fast food does raise health concern, however people can chose good foo ds in menu in restaurants such as : salads , boiled chicken and fruit drinks.These smart choices not only save time but also provide nutrient food. Usually , fast food has higher calories , salt and additives than home cooking food. That leads to several healthy problems . One of them Is very dangerous-cardiovascular disease. Other serious worry Is obesity which Is on a rise In some rich countries Ilke America, England , Australia†¦ Regarding to the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health , fast food effects the obesity rates of 3 millions school children and weights gain over 3 millions pregnant women.Beside adverse effects on health, fast food also contributes on spending less and less time or members of family coming together. Because the home meal is long enough to talk and share experiences and teenagers tend to hangout with their friends and peers In fast food centers Instead of with their family. In conclusion , there are many debates among advantages and disadvantages of fast food. People can not deny that it saves time and makes fast-paced life more convenient but citing several points of its drawback also awake young generations avoid healthy problems and imbalance of modern life.

Project Coordinator CV Sample

A project coordinator CV sample may become a useful guide to everyone who plans to apply for the particular job offer, no matter whether it is for Project Coordinator or for similar positions. Project coordinators are integral members of the particular project team. These individuals are responsible for the coordination of business projects that vary in their size, complexity, and parts. Further, such professionals should organize and also control project activities to communicate possible risks, current progress, and future opportunities. Everyone who chooses this job position should be aware of the large scale of responsibility and invovement. A project coordinator CV sample will help the reader to get acquainted with the difference of responsibilitys scale between the position of Project Manager and Project Coordinator. Frequently, the process of CV preparation is a challenge for individuals who are at the beginning stage of their professional career; therefore, a detailed sample of the advanced individual in the business area will be the best way to improve the final CV version. A project coordinator CV sample will help to identify the objective of the particular position, key qualifications, relevant skills, and educational background of the average candidate for the position of Project Coordinator in both the corporation and small company. Robert Smith 123 Washington str., Boston, Massachusetts, 89563, 123654987 Robert_smith@mail.com Objective: Seeking a position as a Project Coordinator in a leading company to use my knowledge and skills in organizing and monitoring the projects development. Summary: I am a Project Coordinator with 5-years of experience with different sales departments and small businesses. The core experience is in the documentation, planning, and also resource management. During my work in the previous companies, I was known for responsibility, stress-resistance, strong leadership and being well-organized. Key Qualifications: Highly-qualified in project management Experienced in creating and maintaining comprehensive project documentation Familiar with project management software In depth knowledge of developing project strategies Analyzing, tracking, and also reporting project status Ensuring efficient project communication that keeps main stakeholders and project decision makers continually engaged. Relevant Skills: Well developed project management skills Team leadership skills Effective communication skills Strong organizational skills Analytical thinking Stress-resistant The ability to deal with multiple projects Can think and analyze outside the box Work Experience: Bechtel San Francisco, CA (2014 – Present) Project Coordinator Prepare project schedule and budget Monitor project’s progress Track the quality of work Build effective relationships with all project team members Monitor working hours and money expenditure Deal with the appropriate legal paperwork Resolve coordination issues which arose while organizing a project Other Functions: Presentation of upcoming company’s projects. Attending of manual summits and meetings. Coordinating small projects in case of additional assignments of the project supervisor. Education: Master’s Degree in Business Administration, 2014 The University of San Diego, San Diego, CA Bachelor’s Degree in Business Administration California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 2012 References: Available upon request.

John Howard Griffin s Black Like Me - 1647 Words

Prejudice: The Fatal Flaw in Human Nature Over fifty years ago, a Texan named John Howard Griffin embarked on a revolutionary journey—to darken the color of his skin and experience racism in the Deep South firsthand. While considered extremely controversial at the time, the experiences recorded by Griffin in his book, Black like Me, are still discussed today. The book has continued to inform readers about oppressive prejudice in America, and aided them in realizing that bias, while hidden, is still prevalent today. It has inspired a new generation to work towards equality, while warning them of the dangers of racial supremacy. Readers are exposed to the fact that many deny the existence of racism by convincing themselves that the small†¦show more content†¦An example is a study that was done on NBA referees, which found that white referees unintentionally tended to call more fouls on black players, and vice versa (Blake). Griffin experiences this prejudice when offered rides by white men while hitchhiking. He is stunned that they would ask such probing questions about his private life, and he realizes that they would not ask the same questions of a white man for the fear of being rude, but when talking to a black man, they see them as subhuman (Griffin 86). Many would believe it is not a racist act, as the white men are not physically harming them. However, by treating them this way, they are affecting them psychologically by reminding them of their â€Å"inferiority.† Following the Civil Rights Movement, many began to believe that the amount of racist actions had drastically decreased; however, they have merely become more subtle, but just as widespread. Every so often in modern times, a case or event appears in which unfair treatment occurs. In early 2012, an African-American teenage boy named Trayvon Martin was fatally shot by a white man, George Zimmerman, in Florida. Although Martin was unarmed, carrying only snacks, Zimmerman claimed self-defense in court, and was acquitted (Botelho). Uproars were heard around the world, claiming that the justice system was biased. Many began to compare the fate and the court case of Trayvon Martin to that of Emmett Till (Blake). Emmett Till was a

Legal Rules Of Evidence And The Concept Of Privileges,...

The Federal Rules of Evidence and the concept of Privileges, Presumptions and Judicial Notice. Deanna C. Walsh Kaplan University, 2014 April 2014 This paper was prepared for CJ508P-01N: Evidentiary Issues in Criminal Cases: Professor Cloud Miller Abstract: The criminal justice system is a system build of rules and guidelines that provide the citizens of the United States a place to life free and without fear. The rules and guidelines set into place are to provide structure and repercussions for inappropriate behavior that is deemed dangerous to the individual themselves and the public as a whole. Federal and State guidelines are similar in concepts, as well as specific counties, cities and towns. Most rules have exception to†¦show more content†¦Within this answer discuss why privileges exist and argue for or against the end for privileges and societies interest in these rules of evidence. Discuss a minimum of two different privileges within your answer. The criminal justice system would not exist unfortunately without the individuals who refuse to follow the guidelines set forth by Law Enforcement officials as well as government agencies. Publications from the Harvard School of Law state that, â€Å"The evidentiary privileges are the most important set of rules that operate to exclude relevant no prejudicial, and no confusing evidence for reasons completely unrelated to the truth-promoting principle. â€Å" â€Å"Without access to specific facts a criminal prosecution may be totally frustrate.† â€Å"On the other hand, the allowance of the privilege to withhold evidence that is demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial would cut deep into the guarantee of due process of law and gravely impair the basic function of the courts.† (Harvard Law, 2014) The Federal Rules of Evidence outlines specific Rules that are described as privileges. The Federal Rules of Evidence; Rule 501; is known as, â€Å"Privilege in General† which is defined as the common law- as interpreted by United States courts in the light of reason and experience- governs a claim of privilege unless any of the following provides otherwise: †¢ The United States Constitution; †¢ A

Business Ethics Essay Free Essays

string(27) " according to these rules\." 71203 Business Ethics Assignment 1 Drawing on ethical theory to critique a claim. Businesses putting something back into the local community†¦ †¦ Morally obligatory – or not? Utilitarian and Kantian Moral Theory Viewpoints Tanya Lundie 9118692 27 March 2009 Rainbow (2002) describes ethical theories as being â€Å"†¦ the foundations of ethical analysis†¦ † because they are viewpoints from which guidance can be obtained in the interests of determining â€Å"†¦ what counts as acting ethically†¦ † (The Open Polytechnic, 2009, p. 15). We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay draws on such ‘foundations’ to critique a claim about what makes an action morally obligatory for businesses. It is presented in four parts, the aim being to clarify my understanding of the positions of two ethical theories in particular; Utilitarianism and Kantian Moral Theory (Kantianism). First, I’ll explain the purpose of ethical theory in ethics[1]; giving consideration to why only one theory can be right. Next, I’ll outline the abovementioned theories. Then, drawing on their promulgations, I’ll critically discuss the claim, highlighting general problems in the process. I’ll then outline and assess a criticism detractors might level at each theory, and I’ll close by clarifying my position on what these theories would make of the claim. The purpose of ethical theory can be explained in terms of its role in the normative approach taken to studying ethics. This requires critically considering the basic moral norms people should adhere to in the interests of acting ethically; how they should value humans (and other beings) in their actions (The Open Poly, 2009); what should they consider in so doing; how should they act as a result; and, most importantly, why? The ultimate aims being, to prescribe conduct; judge actions; underwrite judgements; and, justify moral beliefs. Ethical theories are proposed, criticised, defended, revised, re-proposed and-so-on in on-going pursuit of this aim; becoming reference points on a â€Å"†¦ substantial framework†¦ † (Rainbow, 2002). Collectively, they â€Å"†¦ attempt to offer fundamental justification for judgements about the morality or immorality of actions, and provide a basis for making claims about moral obligations†¦ † (V Scholes, personal communication, 15 March 2009). Individually, they provide definitions, supported by reasoned arguments, laying claim to (and justifying) what is of fundamental importance in terms of what counts as an ethically correct action. They are mutually incompatible (The Open Poly, 2009). You can not logically question the morality/immorality of actions with reference to more than one theory at once because you risk finding conflicting and irreconcilable answers given their diverse, sometimes diametrically opposed claims regards just what is fundamental to account for, in valuing others in actions. Even when more than one theory endorses the same action, the reasoning behind, and justification for, why that action ‘counts’ will not be the same. Which goes some way to explaining ‘why only one theory can be right’. I’ll clarify. If each theory claims to have encapsulated the very essence of what is the most fundamental, ethically, about judging and justifying actions, yet they all express disparate, indeed contradictory notions of exactly what that is, there isn’t need to decide which is right[2], to know that only one possibly can be. After all, what is, the most fundamental is singular, one-off†¦ ull-stop! An analogy. Consider all the religious persuasions in the world; all means to worship God(s); all laying claim to the fundamental means to do so; yet readily distinguished by the very different ways they go about this. Now, depending on, say, life experience, we will identify with/believe in/follow a ‘personal’ prefere nce. Can we say that it is ‘right’ and another is ‘wrong’? No. But what we can say, with certainty, is that only one can be right. The contrasting positions of Kantianism and utilitarianism epitomise the dichotomy referred to above. Both make a monistic claim that one thing, and one thing only, is ‘a good in itself’ (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). The non-consequentialist, deontological[3] approach of the former sees moral importance inhered in the principle (motive) of the action (a good in itself) via our rationality – consequences are immaterial. Whilst the consequentialist, teleological[4] basis for the latter provides that the consequences of the action are determinant of their morality – motives matter only insofar as they are conducive to maximising happiness (a good in itself). I’ll now outline each in turn. John Stuart Mill[5] (1806-1873) proposed what utilitarians appeal to in moral decision-making; the principle of utility; or, the Greatest Happiness Principle which: †¦ holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure†¦ absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain, and the privation of pleasure. (Mills, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 7) The general utilitarian view is that happiness is a good in itself. The greatest good is securing maximal happiness/pleasure (good consequences) and minimal suffering/pain (bad consequences) for everybody, by acting morally well. Each person’s happiness counts the same, as Bentham (cited by The Open Poly, 2009, p. 18) points out â€Å"†¦ each to count for one, and none for more than one†¦ † We must assess all possible actions and all persons impacted by such. We then judge actions as right/wrong in terms of their utility[6]/disutility; by considering the likely good and bad consequences, for all affected, equally and impartially. An action is thus morally good if it results (as far as is reasonably foreseeable) in the most good consequences and least bad ones, on balance, for all likely affected, compared with alternative actions. An agent acts morally well by doing the morally good action most likely to secure â€Å"†¦ the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 6). A conventional distinction is made between the classic, act approach and a newer version of the theory – rule utilitarianism. The objective of achieving ‘greatest overall good’ is unchanged. But, due to disagreement over how best to achieve this, rule utilitarians apply the Greatest Happiness Principle to set general, morally valid, rules of conduct (the best rules, amongst alternatives, in terms a chieving the greatest good (help others in distress’ ‘do not break promises’) and then judge individual actions right/wrong according to these rules. You read "Business Ethics Essay" in category "Essay examples" Act utilitarians steadfastly apply the Principle to individual actions – with the added option of following suggested rules (or not); which allows for combining the good effects of upholding rules, with the good effects of breaking them, if needed (The Open Poly, 2009). Thus, if a particular situation’s right action requires breaking a rule in order to maximise happiness/minimise harm (lying to save a life for instance) the act utilitarian says ‘so be it’ – it’s morally justified. Kantianism was pioneered by German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1806) whose moral focus centred on the principle behind the action in terms of the individual agent performing it; their ability to reason; to accept the basis of moral obligations must be universal and impartial (The Open Poly, 2009); to act against personal desires and ulterior motives as a result; hence, to possess the right motivation for acting – ‘good will’ (a good in itself). The moral agent has ‘good will’ because they act solely from a motive of obligation (sense of duty) in recognition that â€Å"†¦ ollowing the right action’s principle is morally required in itself †¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 27). For instance, if a promises is to be kept, it’s because a promise is a promise; kept for its own sake, fullstop. Not because being reliable might have spin-offs! Self-interest cannot be the motive nor even any laudable emotion such loyalty – that may not be immoral, but it is not morally praiseworthy in Kant’s view. How can we judge if an action is done only from a sense of duty? Well, the â€Å"†¦ principle of the action†¦ † must â€Å"†¦ respect rational humanity†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 7) by way of accord with the Categorical Imperative of morality[7]; Kant’s universal rule of obligation; designed to guide moral reasoning in determining what moral obligations are, by testing the principles of the actions involved. It’s first formulation tests the rule (maxim) we are following in performing the action, for its universalisability: 1. Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become universal law. (Kant, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 28) In other words, could all humanity act on this rule, consistently, without it contradicting its own logic? If so, it is morally permissible; if not, it means â€Å"†¦ it’s not okay to make an exception of ourselves by deciding it’s alright just for just us to do it†¦ † (The Open Poly, 2009, p. 29). Kant insists we do ourselves, only that which we could have everybody else do, without it proving irrational. Consider the rule ‘when I make a promise, I may subsequently decide not to keep it’ – if everybody acted on this, all the time, promises would no longer be promises and promise-making would become completely pointless! The second formulation tests how we treat others in our actions: . Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of another, always at the same time as an end and never simply as a means. (Kant, as cited in The Open Poly, 2009, p. 28) Or, treat people must be as ends in themselves, never as means to an end. That is, we should treat people in ways that reflect their inherent value a nd never use them as tools to achieve some other purpose; because, as The Open Poly (2009, p. 29) emphasise â€Å"†¦ the value of a person is not†¦ dependent on how useful they are to someone else†¦ Indeed, according to Kant, people have intrinsic value above and beyond the merely instrumental value we accord tools that we use for our own ends. Consider the action of befriending a work colleague. You actually detest them, but hope to cadge a free ride to work. You are using this colleague as means to achieve your own end. Thus, Kantianism deems morally good actions those that show respect for rational humanity; by according with the formulations of the Categorical Imperative (as above); and, the morally good agent puts morally good actions into practise; motivated solely by a sense of duty. Now, bearing in mind the theoretical perspectives outlined above, I’ll discuss the ‘claim[8]’that: ‘Businesses[9] have a moral obligation to put something back into the local community, because this will improve their standing in the community which in turn will help their profits. ’ Do they? Milton Friedman[10] may well concur, but, neither a Kantian nor a utilitarian could agree. Basically, the reasoning provided (making the business vehicle look good, thereby helping the bottom line) in support of the action involved (giving back to the local community) is simply incongruent with what either theory would purport to justify an action being morally obligatory – for reasons I will outline in the discussion that follows. From the Kantian perspective, having ‘consequences’ conditionally attached to the suggested action as they are (‘†¦ because this will such-and-such†¦ ’) means businesses would not be following a right action’s principle for its own sake, putting back, solely from a duty motive to ‘give back’. There is no moral significance in the businesses’ ‘desires’ and associated consequences; mention of such is indeed evidence of the absence of goodwill (a good in itself) as well as ulterior motives of self-interest (‘desire’ to improve image/enhance profitability) and, emotion (fear of not being seen to be sufficiently magnanimous to achieve the ‘standing’ desired). Further, is the maxim guiding the action a categorical should? No! It has completely hypothetical basis; if you want such-and-such then you should do so-and-so. The businesses would only be acting in such a way necessary to achieve pre-determined and self-interested ends; and, using the community(s) as means in the process! Let’s consider what the maxim for the action would be; ‘I will share my profits with those that assist my earning them, provided I benefit from certain pre-determined spin-offs as a result’. What would happen if this were acted on by all humanity? ‘Giving’ would become completely conditional on getting something in return – that is self-defeating and contradictory. It undermines its own principle; giving is not taking as well! It could be argued that Kant did not categorically prohibit the use of persons as means to other persons’ ends? Only that they should not be exclusively treated in such a way? After all, the members of the community(s) can exercise their own powers of reason; they do need certain goods and services; if they freely choose to support the businesses, then achieving their own ends becomes part of the businesses’ image/profit goal. That said, are the community(s) really being treated exclusively as means to achieve the businesses’ goals? A Kantian would say yes! They are being manipulated. Their rational autonomy is not being respected; given the usinesses ulterior motives. For such an argument be justified, the businesses would have to have made clear the ‘giving back’ is entirely conditional on certain ‘reciprocation’ in return – would they do this, given the outcomes ‘desired’? No! I admit some support the claim on the grounds that, given the purpose of a business enterprise, self-serving/emotional motivation only makes business sense and is entirely appropriate; and, if the businesses do benefit in the ways described, they will be in a better position to put even more back into their community(s) – good consequences all round! But a Kantian would challenge this on two counts. First, acting from emotion and/or self interest (even if the community(s) are also benefitted by/satisfied with the suggested consequences) might not be immoral, but it is proof there is not the essential duty motive required to make this action morally obligatory. Next, consequences are immaterial; good or bad, they come as they may – after acting on the principle behind the action for its own sake. Yet this claim (‘the putting back should be done because of†¦ ’) purports to justify the suggested action with reference to†¦ consequences! That might make a morally obligatory action from a utilitarian perspective, but not that of a Kantian. A Kantian could only support the claim, were it simply ‘businesses have a moral obligation to put something back into the local community’ fullstop. The motivation for such would be a sense of duty – nothing else; the maxim of the action might be ‘I will share the benefit of my profits with those that assist my earning them’ – it’s universalisable; and, in their ‘giving back’ businesses would be recognising the inherent value in the community(s) by treating them as ends in themselves. An act[11] utilitarian would not argue with the idea of businesses giving back to their local communities, indeed, it is entirely in keeping with the utilitarianism â€Å"†¦ purpose or function†¦ to promote human welfare†¦ † (Beauchamp, Bowie Arnold, 2008, p. 18). Further, the claim does give regard to the usefulness of the action involved by way of some forward-thinking reasoning. But, that forward-thinking is so limited; the reasoning provided is entirely inadequate! Before considering the flawed reasoning, any morally obligatory action of this nature would have to be carefully considered, weighing up all likely good and bad consequences, by the business contemplating doing it, on a case-by-case basis, each time the action were to be performed. Consider, the consequences of particular businesses giving back to their community(s), at any given point in time will vary – by the nature and circumstances of different businesses/communities; and, by nature and circumstance of one business/one community, given change over time. For instance, if a business were to ‘put back’ to such an extent it were rendered insolvent (adopting the utilitarian ethic can be very demanding (Rachels Rachels, 2007)) then, weighing up the consequences, the intense pain inflicted on itself would outweigh it’s community’s relatively mild, collective happiness; or, a business such as a brothel highlighting its existence in a small town community in the way suggested, would surely have only bad consequences – the alternative action would infact engender the greatest overall good. A utilitarian would say the claim is so generalised as to render determining the action involved morally obligatory or otherwise, is impossible! Now to the justification provided, given moral significance for a utilitarian inheres in what the action is for. Is there evidence of consideration of the reasonably foreseeable consequences for all potentially affected? ’ The only consequences alluded to are those for the businesses alone. What about good and bad consequences? A utilitarian would need to be securing maximal happiness and minimal harm, again, for all affected, through any morally obligatory action taken. Is a competitor business going to suffer bad consequences? Some might argue there are only so many dollars and so much community support to go around; if a business benefits as suggested as a result of ‘giving back’ someone else might suffer the opposite consequences. Bankruptcies? Job losses? These sorts of implications need to be considered. What about consideration of the likely consequences of alternative actions? Any right action is so, only because it better secures the greatest good for the greatest many, compared with alternatives. Where is indication of consideration given equal and impartial treatment of all affected by this action? A utilitarian would point out there is in fact evidence of unequal and partial consideration of interests – the claim, as it reads, suggests it is only the greatest good for the businesses that is of moral significance here – what if this works against the greatest overall good for all affected? – after all, that is the ultimate good a utilitarian would be seeking in a right action. A utilitarian would caution, in view of the inadequacy of the suggested consequences, that it is simply not sufficient o simply presume that an action will bring about good (or bad) consequences ‘desired’; the assumption has to be reasonable given the circumstances – and this claim seems to risk presenting a far too optimistic, biased view of likely consequences; but, we don’t know what information is available at the time do we? Perhaps a general rule sh ould be followed here? It would seem to make more sense, given the nature of differing businesses and the difficulties predicting likely consequences with any circumstances. The utility principle seems to have been applied Unless, as a utilitarian would concur, promoting utility in general is unlikely to eventuate in overall unjust outcomes for all concerned, long-term; the risk is in perceiving short-term benefits at the expense of that but that is no defence for this claim – the justification provided is woefully inadequate even in support of generalised, long-term, overall benefits are envisaged. perspective is more overarching view is intended, Too general – case by case Short –term pleasure – personal comm. Action hasn’t got right justification =not accept claim at all. Cosequences for all likely affected, good and bad? Alternatives considered? Seem like very narrow view of consequences involved – wrong ones? Predicting future Too demanding Basically, the claim takes a radically non-utilitarian approach to justifying the action involved. A utilitarian could not accept any part of it. The action alone would be inadequate; utilitarianism requires the ‘†¦ because†¦ such-and-such†¦ ’ the action and the justification provided are equally inadequate in terms of justifying this action morally obligatory; there needs be a far more thorough evaluation of what will happen as a result of doing it; what is the greatest overall that can be achieved? For a utilitarian to support the claim, the putting back would need to be done, say ‘†¦ because†¦ doing so will serve to best satisfy the interests of all involved (compared with not doing so) thereby securing the greatest happiness for the greatest many†¦ † As the claim reads, there simply is no moral obligation from the utilitarian perspective. REASONING. consider actions are not good or bad in themselves, only in what they are good or bad for. Consider the justification provided. Further, â€Å"†¦ actions are not good or bad in themselves†¦ nly in what they are good or bad for†¦ † (Chryssides Kaler, 1993, p. 91) whilst the claim does give regard to some forward thinking reasoning. However, the reasoning provided does not make the action morally obligatory from is all wrong from the utilitarian perspective. Criticisms: Opponents of the utilitarian standpoint might well argue it deems as morally good, actions inflicting suffering on a minority in order to benefit a majority – if they engender more good overall than alternatives (The Open Poly, 2009). This seems inconsiderate of the afflicted minority. Consider: affluent American couple and daughter illegally adopt Nepalese orphan and subject her to childhood of slavery. She sleeps in airless basement; works 14 hours plus 7 days a week; waits on them hand and foot; cleaning, cooking, gardening; no schooling; fed on scraps; treated as less-than-human. She is 25% of the equation; utterly wretched. The other 75% lead lives of indolence and sloth in their palatial home; kept pristine at effectively no cost; and, they derive sadistic pleasure from ill-treating the girl and outsmarting child protection authorities. They are chuffed. Add up the total sum of happiness/misery as a result of enslaving this child and, yes, the ‘arrangement’ could be construed to maximise happiness given all the resources available (the alternative would make 25% a lot happier, but would not offset a marginal decrease in happiness of the 75% majority). The criticism seems valid – this is morally repugnant! But, I would argue it could be misguided; and I have two lines of defence. First, a point which Bentham himself acknowledged (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). Unhappiness in general/pain in particular are far more intensely felt than happiness/pleasure (consider the depths to which suffering slavery/malnutrition/illiteracy would take the child, compared with the relatively mild enjoyment of languor/financial benefit/sadistic pleasure experienced by the family). In acknowledging this, utilitarianism rules out such gross injustice. Intense suffering by a minority will always outweigh happiness the majority derive as a result of that suffering; the balance of disutility over utility would deem the situation morally wrong. Second, a rule utilitarian would reason differently; ask ‘what general rules of conduct tend to promote greatest happiness? ’ then compare hypothetical societies, one in which the rule ‘Don’t subject orphaned children to slavery’ is observed, the other it isn’t; decide people will be happier in the first society; accept the rule against enslaving children; and, by appealing to it, conclude what the American family did to the child is totally abhorrent and morally unacceptable. Chryssides Kaler (1993, p. 99) allude to a â€Å"†¦ non-consequentialist inflexibility†¦ with reference to Kantianism. I would have to agree; all the categoric moral rules that hold without exception, in all circumstances! For instance, Kant (as cited in Rachels Rachels, 2007, p. 123) disallowed all lying; the â€Å"†¦ the obliteration of ones dignity as a human being†¦ † And, as Rachels Rachels (2007, p. 123) note in his defence â€Å"â₠¬ ¦ there is something in this†¦ † for lies to be successful, there needs be a general belief that truth-telling prevails; so, any point in lying requires there not being a universal law permitting it! For instance, consider a situation where telling a lie would save a life; an intending murderer asking for the whereabouts of his/her intended victim for instance. Surely it is not only reasonable, but morally obligatory, to lie, in the interests of preventing a violent end to a precious human life? Not if you hold Kantian views! You couldn’t universalise the maxim upon which you would act; and, lying would be the epitome of not showing respect for another person’s autonomy – even if he/she is an intending murder, he/she has the freedom to make his/her own decisions about how to live his/her life. Kant himself has defended the Kantian position on lying for this sort of circumstance (Rachels Rachels, 2007). The inflexibility is entirely justified; we are only tempted to make exceptions to the rule not to lie, in situations where truth-telling seems to have bad consequences and lying good ones; and predicting consequences is such an imprecise science! Kantianism avoids such second-guessing altogether. Consequences are immaterial. You simply avoid the confirmable evil – lying; tell the truth and let the consequences come as they may. Even if the murderer finds and kills the victim as a result, it’s not your fault, you have done your duty! I do perceive some ‘comfort’ in this stance – one right action – but perhaps that is just because I am hopeless at making difficult decisions and weighing up consequences! Besides, I don’t think such a responsibility should (or could) be evaded so callously. Kant’s logic does seem flawed – we are be morally responsible for the bad consequences of that undisputable evil lying, but we escape similar responsibility for the bad consequences of telling the truth? Perhaps this defence is not so convincing. Some respond to the criticism of Kantianism’s absolute, inviolable rules by suggesting there is the option of making the maxims on which we act more sophisticated. For instance, given the above example, instead of ‘I will always tell the truth’ or, ‘I will never lie’ what about ‘I will tell the truth to those seeking information for honest purposes’. The problem with this, is; which circumstances permit such qualifications being made, and which do not? Would misuse of means to ‘create maxims to suit’ result in making a nonsense of universalisation? If so, and there is no room in Kantian ethics for bending rules, some suggest modifying Kantianism to discriminate between ‘prima facie’ and ‘actual’ duties (Chryssides Kaler, 1993). The actual duties take precedence over those prima facie (at first appearance), so, if there is conflict, the most important duty is that actually acted on; we are morally absolved of the other. For the intended murder situation for instance, the duty not to lie could be overruled by the duty to put a stop to criminal activity? Both ‘modifications’ seem attempts to defend the undesirable effects of acting on principle alone. Kantianism is about acting on principle; perhaps it simply cannot be defended. Conclusion Reasoning – rational respect/all the consequences References Beauchamp, T. L. , Bowie, N. E. Arnold, D. G. (Eds). (2008) Ethical theory and business (8th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Chryssides, G. D. , Kaler, J. H. (1993). An introduction to business ethics. London, England: Chapman and Hall. Rachels, J. , Rachels, S. (2007). The elements of moral philosophy (5th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand. (2009). Modules 1 and 2. In 71203 Business Ethics. Lower Hutt, New Zealand: Author. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] ———————– [1] That is, the normative (prescriptive) study of ethics; as distinguished from the descriptive approach of the social scientists and/or the conceptual study of significant ethical terms such as right, obligation, justice and so on. (Beauchamp Bowie, 2008) [2] One of the most fundamental questions in life! (V Scholes, personal communication, 4 March 2009). Philosophers have been debating this since 6th century BCE (pre-Socrates)†¦ they still are. [3] [Gk deon=duty} deontological theories base morality on foundational principles of duty/obligation [4] [Gk telos=end} teleological theories base morality on end results (consequences) [5] One of the most influential exponents of this theory. (The Open Poly, 2009). [6] Their usefulness (or lack of it) in terms of ‘standard’ utility as defined by Greatest Happiness Principle. [7] Imperative – it demands; categorical – commands are binding and absolute (The Open Poly, 2009). [8] It’s an argument! The premise is relevant and internally consistent (The Open Poly, 2009) but I would challenge its veracity and argue it is highly dependent on the nature of the ‘business’ and the ‘local community’ in question. A Wairarapa brothel adopted this philosophy†¦ heightened profile? Yes. Improved image – ‘helped’ profits as a result? Neither! It was driven out of town! [9] Businesses? We hold individual’s morally accountable. Businesses are not individuals. We cannot hold businesses morally accountable. To which Goodpaster Matthews (as cited in Chryssides Kaler 1993, p. 269) on ‘moral projection’ reply â€Å"†¦ n certain respects concepts and functions normally attributed to persons can be attributed to organisations made up of persons†¦ society finds the idea both intelligible and useful†¦ † I ‘morally project’ individual moral responsibility onto the ‘businesses’ in thi s claim. [10] On his ‘social responsibility of business’ Chryssides Kaler (1993, p. 231) opine â€Å"†¦ Friedman is not saying businesses must never seek to do good, they may do so provided they do it to serve the goal of profit maximisation†¦ † [11] The assumption is made that act utilitarianism is representative the main position of utilitarianism. How to cite Business Ethics Essay, Essays Business Ethics Essay Free Essays Robert Gertsen Prof. Orkin Business Ethics Essay At first glance, it seems to be clear that this is in essence, an unethical issue that is occurring. According to Brigham Young University’s Exchange Magazine’s categories of ethical dilemmas, stating something that is not true constitutes an unethical action. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The customer’s lawyer attempt to strike a deal in which you state in a court of law that no sign was placed in place would be a false statement. However, before delving into any assumptions, it is imperative to explore various aspects of the dilemmas surrounding this problem. According to Jennings’ steps for analyzing ethical dilemmas, you must observe from the perspective of each person involved in the case and the effect that this has on them. As the manager of the supermarket, it would be morally correct to refuse the lawyer’s request for deal and proceed with a normal litigation. However, from the manager’s perspective, it would extremely negative for his career if his company ended up being sued for money by the plaintiff. He would most likely lose his job and as a result, his financial situation would be in ruin. If he had a family, they would be affected as well. There is a conflict of interest. The manager must also consider the effects of his actions on other parties. Also, other parties would be negatively affected. If the supermarket were sued, the financial loss would affect employees, shareholders, and owners of the company, all of whom have personal responsibilities and family as well. And from the lawyer’s point of view, her client has no insurance, has large medical bills and cannot work. The only way to possibly win any sum of money would be to sue just for medical costs, which the insurance company would cover. Is it ethical to proceed with this even though the client is in such a dire situation? If the lawyer doesn’t proceed with the plan, her client will be unable to work, and will also run into huge financial problems. An employee at the supermarket you manage mopped one of the aisles in the store and placed signs at the ends of the aisle to warn people not to use the aisle until the floor dried. One customer walked around the sign, slipped, fell, and suffered serious injuries. Her lawyer comes to you with the following story. She says that she is going to sue the store for the negligence that led to the customer’s injuries. However, she says that she doubts that she can win, since case law in the state makes it clear that the sign is considered a reasonable warning so that contributory negligence by the customer would eliminate the liability of the store. This means that the customer will get nothing, but one can never be completely sure. The worst part is that the customer has no insurance, has incurred large hospital bills, cannot work for several months, and has no source of support. The lawyer makes the following deal. She will forgo any fee for the case and will sue only for an amount equal to the medical costs incurred and the wages lost, if you will agree to testify that there was no sign in place to warn that the floor was wet. The payment will be made by the insurance company. This will not affect your position with the insurance company, and you will save attorney’s fees. Should you make such a deal? What if you knew that the law in most states would provide an award because their laws hold that warning signs are insufficient and a complete physical barrier has to be in place? Discuss the ethical issues. How to cite Business Ethics Essay, Essays

Lifestyle Sustainability and the Environment Essay Example For Students

Lifestyle Sustainability and the Environment Essay Table of Contents Introduction 3 The Issue 3 Why It Is Important 6 Parties Involved 8 Recommendations and Solutions 9 Conclusion 11 Lifestyle Sustainability Handout 12 References 13 Lifestyle Sustainability In a perfect ecosystem everything gives and takes equally, and the cycle of life is sustained perpetually. Our current lifestyle is not environmentally sustainable. We consume more and more of the earths resources and give very little, if any, in return. The Brundtland Commission defines lifestyle sustainability as being development that seeks to meet the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability to meet those of the future. Many factors are contributing to how humankind uses the earths resources and how humankind views the goal of sustainability. Public opinion, government intervention, and manufacturers seem to have the largest influence in determining how the earths resources are used. In order to create a sustainable society, all of these factors must work in conjunction with one another in the utilization of technology and resources to insure that the same resources will be available to future generations. The Issue Mankind has always sought to control its environment. While most species must deal with the world as it is, man has the ability and the desire to change and adapt the environment to suit its needs. If its too hot, then a way must be found to be cool. If there isnt enough shelter, it must be built. If there isnt enough food, it is produced. If there are other creatures that are regarded as pests, they are eliminated. Many of the efforts to control these environmental factors are made at the expense of destroying the biosphere upon which mankind depends. Every person on earth puts a strain on the biosphere and the earths population is increasing exponentially. Scientists predict that by the year 2050 mankind will top 10 Billion people. Vital Resources are stressed by the dual demands of increasing population and increasing consumption per person. Around the world we see groundwater supplies being depleted, agricultural soils being degraded, oceans being over-fished, oil reserves being drawn down, and forests being cut faster than they can re-grow, (Nebel and Wright, 2000, p. 6). The largest percentage of the worlds population lives in developing countries. These developing countries oftentimes have not established environmental controls in their manufacturing and farming techniques. For example, the use of DDT, long since banned for use in the United States, still sees widespread use in many developing Nations. The use of DDT is dangerous not only to insects, but also to the entire food chain, of which man is unavoidably a part. This is not to say that developed countries are not polluting. In fact, many times it is the developed countries that are exploiting the environment intentionally for personal or commercial gain. The U.S., for example, is the worlds number one producer of garbage and industrial waste. The 6% of the worlds population living in the U. S. uses an estimated 25 to 50% of the worlds nonrenewable resources and produces about 15 to 40% of the worlds waste. (Sustainable America, 1996:143) Despite the fact that most countries do have constraints and limits set for pollution, they are still a long way from being environmentally friendly. Pollution comes in many forms: air, water, and land. Air and water resources can and should be considered global resources. The misuse of these is not localized due to the fluid nature of air and water which are constantly circulating and affecting not only the producer of the pollution, but also its global neighbors. Charts And Graph Essay While creating these pollutants, many times there is also a negative impact on sustainability in that there is a consumption of non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels. The current trend of urban sprawl is causing the earths resources to be used at an unsustainable rate while also contributing to pollution. Urban sprawl is the rapid expansion of metropolitan areas through building housing developments and shopping centers farther and farther from urban centers and lacing them together with more and more major highways. Widespread development that has occurred without any overall land-use plan. (Nebel and Wright, 2000, p. 648). Given that urbanization causes a loss .

Alcoholism Is A Wide-ranging And Complex Disease That Heavily Plagues

Alcoholism is a wide-ranging and complex disease that heavily plagues society. Drinking is defined as the consumption of a liquid, and/or the act of drinking alcoholic beverages especially to excess. Every year alcohol is responsible for 1/2 of all murders, accidental deaths, and suicides; 1/3 of all drowning, boating, and aviation deaths; 1/2 of all crimes; and almost 1/2 of all fatal automobile accidents (Overview 1). Alcohol is a potent nonprescription drug sold to anyone over the national legal drinking age, 21. Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can be manufactured by the body, alcohol is a substance that is not made within the body. It is a food, because it supplies a concentrated number of calories, but is not nourishing and does not supply a significant amount of needed nutrients, vitamins, or minerals. These are empty calories that result in an unattractive "beer belly." Most foods are prepared for digestion by the stomach so that their nutrients can be absorbed by the large intestine. However, 95% of alcohol is absorbed directly through the stomach walls or the walls of the duodenum (part of the small intestine nearest the stomach)and small intestine (Overview 2). Various factors effect the speed of alcohol's absorption into the body. - Watery drinks such as beer is absorbed more slowly. - Foods (especially fatty foods) delay absorption - Carbonated beverages speed up the emptying of the stomach into the small intestine where alcohol is absorbed more quickly. - The drinker's physical and emotional state (fatigue, stress), and individual body chemistry affect absorption. - Gender: Women have less dehydrogenates (a chemical that breaks down alcohol in the stomach, so more alcohol is absorbed in the bloodstream. Within moments of ingestion, alcohol moves from the blood stream into every part of the body that contains water, including major organs like the brain, lungs, kidneys, and heart. Alcohol stimulates and agitates, depresses and sedates, produces calmness and tranquility, and begins a hypnotic state of drowsiness and sleep. Alcohol impairs your judgement, and strongly affects motor skills, muscle function, reaction time, eyesight, depth perception, and night vision. As a drinker continues to drink, alcohol depresses lung and heart function, slowing breathing and circulation. Death can occur if alcohol completely paralyzes breathing. However, this state is seldom reached because the body rejects alcohol by vomiting. Acute alcohol overdose leading to death occurs in colleges where individuals are encouraged to drink large amounts of alcohol rapidly. Relatively speaking, the twelve million U.S. College students drink over 430 million gallons of alcohol a year- that is 3,500 Olympic sized swimming pools filled with alcohol. Binge drinking is the number one public health hazard for more than six million college students in America (MADD 2). Only five percent of alcohol is eliminated from the body through the breath, urine, or sweat; the rest is broken down in the liver. In the Liver: -Alcohol is broken down in steps by enzymes until only carbon dioxide remain as by-products. -Alcohol is processed at the rate of three tenths of an ounce of pure ethanol per hour (less than one ounce of whiskey) and unprocessed alcohol circulates in the body. (The alcohol from two cocktails, each about 1.5 ounces, drank before dinner is still present in the body three to four hours later) (Overview 2). The liver's fixed rate of alcohol breakdown means that drinking coffee or taking a cold shower does not speed the sobering process. Therefore, giving coffee to a person who is drunk may make a wide-awake drunk, who thinks he/she is sober enough to drive a car. Occasional users of alcohol, who are healthy, do not appear to suffer negative affects from use of alcohol. In moderate doses, alcohol has beneficial effects: relaxation, appetite stimulation. However, consumed in large amounts, alcohol is a toxin. The short-term result of the toxin is a hangover. A hangover has a combination of physical symptoms: -Headache: Blood vessels in the head, dilated by alcohol, painfully stretch as they return to their normal state. -Upset stomach: Alcohol irritates gastric lining. -Dehydration: Alcohol stimulates the kidneys to process and pass more water than is ingested. A hangover is a withdrawal state. The best hangover cure is aspirin, liquids, sleep, and time. Bland foods, especially liquids, may also help. The best prevention for hangover is moderation or abstinence from alcohol at